Cheta (grupo armado)

Um cheta (em albanês: çeta; em arromeno: ceatã; em búlgaro: чета; em grego: τσέτης ; em romeno: ceată; em turco: çete; em sérvio: чета / četa), no plural chetas, eram bandos armados irregulares presentes em todo o n Império Otomano do século XIX, particularmente na Anatólia e nos Bálcãs.

No final do Império Otomano, as rebeliões armadas tornaram-se uma característica crónica durante a luta pela Macedônia, à medida que grupos armados de formações pró-búlgaras, bem como pró-sérvias, pró-gregas, arromenas e albanesas lutavam entre si, bem como contra as tropas otomanas, tentando impor a sua nacionalidade aos habitantes do território, e as repressões otomanas cada vez mais duras indicavam que a reforma e a reconciliação do estado otomano com os vários grupos nacionalistas estavam a tornar-se menos prováveis. O cheta geralmente era liderado por um líder, chamado voivoda.

Os chetas muçulmanos estavam ativos na Ásia Menor após a Primeira Guerra Mundial. Eles eram notórios por seus ataques aos armênios ortodoxos cristãos, gregos e assírios durante os últimos genocídios otomanos. O termo também foi usado como sinônimo para membros da Organização Especial.

Ver também

Referências

↑ The war correspondence of Leon Trotsky: The Balkan Wars 1912-13, Author Leon Trotsky, Publisher Resistance Books, 1980, p. 227., ISBN 0-909196-08-7
↑ Handan Nezir-Akmese: The Birth of Modern Turkey. The Ottoman Military and the March to WWI, I.B.Tauris, 2005, ISBN 1850437971, p. 52.
↑ "The IMARO activists saw the future autonomous Macedonia as a multinational polity, and did not pursue the self-determination of Macedonian Slavs as a separate ethnicity. Therefore, Macedonian was an umbrella term covering Bulgarians, Turks, Greeks, Vlachs, Albanians, Serbs, Jews, and so on." Historical Dictionary of Macedonia, Historical Dictionaries of Europe, Dimitar Bechev, Scarecrow Press, 2009, ISBN 0810862956, Introduction.
↑ The political and military leaders of the Slavs of Macedonia at the turn of the century seem not to have heard the call for a separate Macedonian national identity; they continued to identify themselves in a national sense as Bulgarians rather than Macedonians. (They) never seem to have doubted “the predominantly Bulgarian character of the population of Macedonia". "The Macedonian conflict: ethnic nationalism in a transnational world", Princeton University Press, Danforth, Loring M. 1997, ISBN 0691043566, p. 64.
↑ Vickers, Miranda (2011). The Albanians: A Modern History. I.B. Tauris: 28 January 2011.
↑ «Vulturii Pindului – 13. Luptele fârșeroților cu antarții». Armatolii (em romeno). Arquivado do original em 13 Set 2021
↑ The establishment of the Balkan national states, 1804-1920, Volume 8 from A History of East Central Europe, Barbara Jelavich, University of Washington Press, 1986, p. 135., ISBN 0-295-96413-8
↑ Kevorkian, Raymond (2011). The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History (em inglês). : I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-0-85773-020-6
↑ Shirinian, George N. (2017). Genocide in the Ottoman Empire: Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks, 1913-1923 (em inglês). : Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-78533-433-7
↑ Akçam, Taner (2008). «Guenter Lewy's The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey». Genocide Studies and Prevention. 3 (1): 111–145. doi:10.3138/gsp.3.1.111

[1] The war correspondence of Leon Trotsky: The Balkan Wars 1912-13, Author Leon Trotsky, Publisher Resistance Books, 1980, p. 227., ISBN 0-909196-08-7

[2] Handan Nezir-Akmese: The Birth of Modern Turkey. The Ottoman Military and the March to WWI, I.B.Tauris, 2005, ISBN 1850437971, p. 52.

[3] "The IMARO activists saw the future autonomous Macedonia as a multinational polity, and did not pursue the self-determination of Macedonian Slavs as a separate ethnicity. Therefore, Macedonian was an umbrella term covering Bulgarians, Turks, Greeks, Vlachs, Albanians, Serbs, Jews, and so on." Historical Dictionary of Macedonia, Historical Dictionaries of Europe, Dimitar Bechev, Scarecrow Press, 2009, ISBN 0810862956, Introduction.

[4] The political and military leaders of the Slavs of Macedonia at the turn of the century seem not to have heard the call for a separate Macedonian national identity; they continued to identify themselves in a national sense as Bulgarians rather than Macedonians. (They) never seem to have doubted “the predominantly Bulgarian character of the population of Macedonia". "The Macedonian conflict: ethnic nationalism in a transnational world", Princeton University Press, Danforth, Loring M. 1997, ISBN 0691043566, p. 64.

[5] Vickers, Miranda (2011). The Albanians: A Modern History. I.B. Tauris: 28 January 2011.

[6] «Vulturii Pindului – 13. Luptele fârșeroților cu antarții». Armatolii (em romeno). Arquivado do original em 13 Set 2021

[7] The establishment of the Balkan national states, 1804-1920, Volume 8 from A History of East Central Europe, Barbara Jelavich, University of Washington Press, 1986, p. 135., ISBN 0-295-96413-8

[Kevorkian-8] Kevorkian, Raymond (2011). The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History (em inglês). : I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-0-85773-020-6

[Shirinian-9] Shirinian, George N. (2017). Genocide in the Ottoman Empire: Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks, 1913-1923 (em inglês). : Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-78533-433-7

[10] Akçam, Taner (2008). «Guenter Lewy's The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey». Genocide Studies and Prevention. 3 (1): 111–145. doi:10.3138/gsp.3.1.111